Boko Haram is winning so far in Nigeria Essay

Nigeria has ever faced series of security threatening challenges, but Boko haram is the most powerful camarilla so far. The sect claims responsibility for several bombings and snip activities in the northern and central Nigeria, thereby placing the estate at the threshold of disintegration this paper describes briefly how the Terrorists use murder, kidnapping, and bombings to pursue a political agenda. then will introduce the rise of Boko Haram, a radical Islamist sect who is fighting to overthrow the government in Nigeria and create an Moslem state. Many questions in mind like who are this group? Whos livelihood it? How they treat their pris championrs? The government has been unable to put an end to it, will essay at the end if he gets any help from other nations?In past years, most people thought terrorism is except happening in the Middle East countries but now terrorism is every were, even in the most powerful countries. terrorist act is more like terrible and brutal vio lence with only genius purpose of terrified the people. It has two main purposes, to put pressure on the authorities, to spread fear and perplexity first between the people their action involves sobering violence against a person or serious damage to property, endangers a persons life. Second, they interfere to disrupt an electronic system, influence the government, advancing a political, religious or ideological cause. According to Rotberg, nation-states fail because they are convulsed by internal violence, and as a result are unable to provide security and positive political goods to their citizens. (20031).The Religion Terrorism is one of the most violent they think that dying in a terrorist act is sacred and holy they see it as divinely commanded. Boko haram is Nigerias militant Islamist group which has caused havoc in Africas. It seems that the sect may elect to be called Jamaatu Ahlissunnah lidda awati wal Jihad , which can be glossed Committed to the Propagation of the Pr ophets Teachings and Jihad (Muazu 201117).They recollect that anyone who is not governed by what Allah has revealed is among the transgressors. They killed around six hundred people in various attacks in 2011, and the effect of casualties doubled in the first four months of2012 (Pothuraju 20121) Because they regards at the Nigerian state as being fertilise by non-believers, even when the country had a Muslim president. Boko Haram members are fully convinced that moral and mixer decadence has eaten deep into the fabric of the Nigerian society and are resolved to rid the society of depravity and moral bankruptcy by establishing an ideal Islamic society, devoid of political corruption and moral departure (Akanji 200960)One of the most powerful factors that contribute the Boko haram is that the Islamic Republics, donations from members who links with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, During the interview, on 14 June 2010, Droukdel the leader of AQIM claimed that his group would pro vide Boko Haram with weapons, masterminding, and other support in order to expand its deliver reach into Sub-Saharan Africa not only to gain strategic depth, but also to defend Muslims in Nigeria and stop the advance of a minority of Crusaders (cited in Pham 20123). With funding from government, they are able to buy and train more men than most other terrorist organizations. In effect, with their financial support, Boko Haram backers have becomecovertly or overtlya part of the conspiracy to instigate war against the Nigerian state, civilians, Christians, students, and public institutions (Adesoji 2011107).Leaders of legion(predicate) Christian organizations in Nigeria have out in support of the governments decision to adduce a state of emergency in the countrys northern states, Borno, Adamawa and Yobe. Many of their peoples live in a terror because of the group targets the religious minority for some of its most brutal attacks. Also, the government in Nigeria has asked its north ern neighbor Niger for help in an offensive against Boko Haram insurgents. Plus, the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton mentioned Boko Haram during her testimony before congressional committees. She called it part of the same global jihadist movement as al-Qaida and Ansar al-Sharia.Finally, Boko Haram has killed thousands as it seeks to spread conservative Islamic law across Nigeria. Its frequent bombing targets include police, soldiers and Christian churches. Nigerias military havebeen confused in heavy fighting against this sect and hopefully with the help of the other nations, the government gets back the chair on Nigeria.Works CitedAdesoji, Abimbola, O. 2011. Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram IslamicFundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State. Africa Today 57(4)99-119Akanji, Olajide, 0. 2009. The Politics of Combating Domestic Terrorism in Nigeria. InDomestic Terrorism in Africa Defining, Addressing and Understanding itsimpact on Human Security, edited by W. Oku mu and A. Botha. Pretoria Institutefor Security StudiesMuazu, Abubakar. 2011. Understanding the Emerging Trend of Terrorism in Nigeria ACase Study of Boko Haram and Similar Groups. Monograph series, 16. Lagos,Nigeria CLEEN Foundation.Pham, Peter. 2012. Boko Harams Evolving Threat. Africas Security Brief 301 -8Pothurju, Babjee. 2012. Boko Harams Persistent Threat in Nigeria. Institute for DefenseStudies and Analysis.http//www.idsa.in/system/files/ThreatlnNigeria_BabjePothuraju.pdfRotberg, Robert. 2002. The New Nature of Nation-State Failure. The Washington quarterly 25(3)85-96. 2003. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time ofTerror. Washington, DC Brookings Institution excite

Italian Culture Healthcare and Education Essay

Italy is recognized around the world due to its decent ethnical approach towards education, business, healthc be and society. Italians culture diligently maintains high standards of healthcargon system as well as education systems which provide the best and affordable healthcare service and free educational opportunities to the people. Italian Culture towards health care Italian culture towards healthcare is highly recognized due to the provision of high standards healthcare services and medical examination assistance at real low cost.Italian doctors are very devoted and expert in their profession and the healthcare treatment services are keep at higher levels. It is wise thinking of Italians who prefer to blot out their hospitalization and surgery cost done undercover health insurance providers which, of course, avoid inconvenience faced due to long waiting lists (Healthcare in Italy, Allianz). The official name of Italys Health System is Servizio Sanitario Nazioanale which provides low cost healthcare services to the entire European citizens.The healthcare services implicate in-patient treatments such as medications, tests, family doctor visits, surgeries during hospitalization and medical assistance provided by various medical specialists. Other healthcare services are too offered which include dental treatments, out-patient treatments and provision of medicines and drugs. The Italian culture mandates the health insurance for each foreigner which must cover the entire healthcare treatment from the arrival moment till the departure moment, failing which permit to hindrance (permesso di soggiorno) is not granted (Healthcare in Italy, Allianz).Italian Culture towards Education Education in Italy is perceived to be an essential necessity of manners. Italians culture has regulated education as a dogmatic requirement for 6-16 years of children and free education is too granted to facilitate people. There are five grades in Italians educational system namely Kindergarten / Playgroup (Scuola Maternal), Elementary indoctrinate (Scuola Elementare), affection School (Scuola Media), High School (Liceo) and University (Universita) (Italy Education System, Italiamia). The educational system in Italy consists of public and private standards.Both the standards are developed more progressively than UK and Germany educational systems. Various universities for postgraduate education give been established in Italy namely University of Bologna which is the oldest university in Western and La Sapienza University which is the biggest university in Italy (Italy Education, Maps of World). Italys educational system was constituted by Legge Casati (Casati Act) in 1859. The vision of this act was to diminish illiteracy among children and conjure up their learning unavoidably.The single town regulates the primary education system, the province regulates the secondary education system and the responsibility regulates the universities education sys tem. The educational system was further streamlined by Legge Gentile Act in 1923. The compulsory age of children for education was increased up to 14 years and option for promotion towards Middle School was granted upon completion of five years primary education which could further be continued up to High School (Italy Education System, Italiamia).ConclusionInadvertently, Italian culture towards healthcare and education is very appreciating and is a symbol of developed country of the world. Since, Italian culture has maintained the higher standards in healthcare and education systems therefore, it is right to claim the Italy as one of the best country of the world which cares about the life of its people with love. In short, Italys healthcare and education culture should be adopted by every developing country in order to maintain good health and develop learning needs among people which will of course, benefit the same in the prosperity of a country.

Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders

SUMMARY Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders The capture of Officers Attitudes and Youth Characteristics Benita Byers Ray Davis Jessica Hoff Jessica Stein Just 326 Juvenile Justice System September 14, 2012 Although large investments in resources are used to deal with delinquent youths, there have been only sporadic efforts to look hard-hitting probation practices.Since most youth encounters with the young justice system, accounting for over 60%, occur chthonian inspection by Probation Officers (POs), the Probation Practices Assessment Survey (PPAS) was used to evaluate various types of interventions. This was a web- ground subject that utilized a sample of 308 POs and strided deterrence, restorative justice, pr separatelying, confrontation, steering and behavioral tactics.For example, while Lipseys influential multi-study analysis shows that probation has a small precisely significant impact on youth outcomes, literature on inventive and liberal pro bation practices shows little improvement to date. There is little research that describes various probation strategies for youth and their effectiveness. Youth probation usually vacillates amidst punishment and rehabilitation. Historically, advocates of progressive approaches viewed punishment and its reliance on monitoring and rule enforcement as a rejoinder to poorly trained and overworked POs.On the other hand, rehabilitation has been viewed as a benevolent relationship between POs and youths with flavor to humanize the modern justice system. During the mid through late 1900s, the public demanded a more disciplinal reaction to youth crime, advocates of victims rights wanted more input into the process and increasing support of the rehabilitative amaze caused third objectives, known as the Balanced Approach to become prominent in addressing youth delinquency.To cling to public safety, POs utilize deterrence-based interventions utilizing plusd monitoring, fines, detentio n, and technical violation of probation to promote youth expectations that delinquency is not worth the cost. To hold youths accountable for their offenses, POs promote restorative justice policies through offenders meeting with their families, the victims and community members to decide unneurotic how the offender can best make amends and promote reconciliation, often through community utility and restitution.To promote rehabilitation, POs utilize resources such as tutoring to improve school performance family, mall abuse and/or psychological health counseling mentoring programs to model achievement based skills and increase access to resources and, other programs to improve life chances. While the balanced approach suggests that POs utilize individualized treatment of offenders in order to accurate the best outcomes, research shows that POs attitudes towards punishment and rehabilitation vary.Additional problems occur when longstanding biases influence POs attitudes. For exa mple, these unconscious biases include high expectations of recidivism and endorsing stronger attitudes of punishment towards youth offenders of color and girls being seen as very difficult to work with. Previous research has not addressed the different strategies and absolute frequency of specific interventions with an individual within a specific purpose of time utilized by POs in dealing with youth delinquency as does the PPAS.This survey utilizes 28 items measuring the frequency of three baptistry management approaches, as deterrence, restorative justice and treatment orientations, as well as compliance enhancing strategies, as confrontation, counseling and behavioral tactics, during the past three (3) months. Method A sample of 308 respondents completed the survey, recruited through an announcement in an electronic newsletter for POs with inclusion into a draft for a $20 e-gift certificate to an online retailer as incentive.The respondents were to insert their names into an alphabetical list of their insubstantial caseloads and select the next youth who was (1) formally adjudicated, (2) known to the respondent for at least three months, and (3) under 18 years old. The respondents completed 31 questions about youth demographics, offending characteristics and psychosocial characteristics, including five items combined to measure antecedent heath and social services involvement and five items combined to measure psychosocial needs.Thirteen items measure case management approaches, fifteen items measure compliance practices. Respondents reported their personal demographics, years of experience in juvenile justice settings and level of education, six items addressing their attitudes toward punishment, two items measuring their beliefs about POs helpfulness with youths who have alcohol and mental health problems and two items measuring their beliefs about the effectiveness of mandated treatment on medicine and mental health problems.Out of all cases, onl y 56% were completed correctly with all variables. Data was imputed multiple times use the SAS Proc MI (Schafer, 1997). SAS Proc MI is an interactive procedure that replaces missing data with estimates based on observable relationships spy in the data. By introducing random error, multiple imputations result in a more accurate stochastic variable estimates compared to other imputation procedures (Allison 2002). When comparing the complete data analysis, the listwise deletion and the imputed data, they were unimportant.Nearly 25% of the youth were female and about 40% were of color. Usually, youth were approaching 16 years old, were 33% were 15 or younger and 67% had prior offences. Felony adjudications were most common, about 33% had property related offences, 25% had person related offences and 20% had drug related offences. The average youth a specialized intervention prior to their recent adjudication (specialized mental health, substance abuse, or child welfare) and had nearl y three out of six risk factors.POs were 64% females, 83% were white and 23% had masters degrees. Analysis started with a confirmatory factor analysis for 7 PPAS subscales deterrence orientation, restorative justice orientation, treatment orientation, confrontational tactics, counseling tactics, behavioral tactics and contact frequency (Muthen & Muthen 1998-2006). This model had acceptable fit, however, it was unstable do to a high linear between the two factors deterrence and Confrontation. Several adjustments were made but they all continued to have errors.The final analysis examined the predictors of class membership. ordinal regression was chosen because three classes possess ordinal-level qualities. The Latent Class Analysis began by estimating the optical subprogram of groups or classes required to describe how probation practice clusters. Classes were not distinguished by a dominant subscale score, but rather by a general level across all of the subscale scores. Probation O fficers reported using restorative justice interventions less than any other approach.In terms of contact, Probation Officers averaged about 18 contacts to the youth, parents, schools and service providers during a three month period. In terms of youths age, odds of having a more intensive probation fall 28% for every one year of increase. POs attitudes about the helpfulness of probation, an increase in one point increased the odds of more intensive probation by 38% while an increase in favorable attitudes from one standard difference below the mean to one standard deviation above the mean, led to a fivefold increase in the odds of more intensive probation.POs implement a balanced approach with delinquent youths, they blend both accountability and rehabilitation based approaches. In case management approaches, POs use approaches informed by deterrence and treatment equally, but are less inclined by restorative justice. POs use confrontation, counseling and behavioral tactics about the same when it comes to compliance strategies. Probation practices vary along key youth and Probation Officers characteristics.POs that really agrees with punishments emphasizes accountability in their interventions and may make fewer contacts with youth and POs who concede treatment would strongly focus on the rehabilitation aspects of supervision and devote more time to each case. Younger youths receive a more accountability approach and more frequent contacts than the older youths. POs giving more resources to younger youths may indicate greater hope or urgency, for legal profession with these youths and more dependency from the older youths.Several predictions did not predict probation in this study, race and gender, they stand out as a key findings. Research with probation and the juvenile justice decision making strongly suggests that the juvenile approach interventions are influences by race and gender. Youth race and gender were not associated with probation practices in the current study suggests two alternatives. First, measures and methods employed in this study may not have been sufficiently sensitive to honor biased treatment leading to a type II error. It is apparent that youth with a higher(prenominal) cumulative risk and needs receive more probation approaches.This demonstrates the priorities of the POs convergence with the contemporary juvenile justice mandates which calls for individualized court interventions based on an assessment of risks and needs (Hoge, 2002 Howell, 2003). References Schwalbe, Craig S. and Maschi, Tina. (Oct. 2009). Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders The square off of Officers Attitudes and Youth Characteristics. Law and Human Behavior. Vol. 33, No. 5, Pp 357-367. Springer. Retrieved from JSTOR online 9/12/12 at 212pm. Schafer, J. L. (1997).Analysis of partial multivariate data. New York Chapman & Hall. Schafer, J. L. , & Graham, J. W. (2002) Missing data Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177. Doi 10. 1037/1082-989X. 7. 2. 147. Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing data. grand piano Oaks Sage. Hoge, R. D. (2002). Standardized instruments for assessing risk and need in youthful offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 380396. doi 10. 1177/0093854802029004003. Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing & reducing juvenile delinquency A comprehensive framework. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.

The Federal Reserve System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Federal Reserve System - Essay ExampleThe Federal Open market Committee (FOMC) consists of the Board of Governors and Federal Reserve Bank Presidents. The FOMC is the monetary politymaking body that creates policy designed to make water economic growth, full employment, stable prices, and a sustainable pattern of international trade and payments. It makes responsible decisions concerning the promiscuous market operations. In addition, the FOMC directs system operations in foreign currencies.The Board of Governors makes decisions regarding cost and availability of bullion and credit in the economy. The Board regulates banks, contributes to the monetary policy, and oversees the activities of the Federal Reserve Banks. Members of the Board of Governors include Ben S. Bernanke, the Chairman Roger E. Ferguson, Jr., the wrong Chairman, Susan Schmidt Bies, Mark W. Olson, Donald L. Kohn, Kevin M. Warsh, and Randall S. Kroszner all of whom are responsible for discount rate and rese rve requirements. The responsibilities for discount rate policy are shared with the Federal Reserve Banks. In 1976, the Consumer Advisory Council, consisting of consumer and creditor representatives was established to advise the Board of Governors on consumer related issues.Before the appointment to the Board of Governors, Bernanke was one of President Bushs top economic advisers. He veritable his bachelors degree in economics from Harvard and his PhD for MIT. He was a professor at Princeton University and chair of the Economic Department. As a member of the Federal Reserve Board, Bernanke is the first new Fed chairman in around two decades. The Federal Reserve Banks conduct research on the economy, supervise banks in their region, and provide monetary services to banks and the United States government. They hold cash reserves for monument institutions and make loans to them move currency and coins in and out of circulation collect and process millions of checks daily provide c hecking accounts for the Treasury issue and redeem government securities and are the fiscal agents for the United States government. The Federal Reserve Bank districts include Atlanta, GA Boston, MA Chicago, IL Cleveland, OH Dallas, TX Kansas City, MO St. Louis, MO Minneapolis, MN New York, New York St., Philadelphia, PA Richmond, VA and San Francisco, CA Simplistically speaking, monetary policy is used to concur the cyclical fluctuations in the economy. It influences economy activities, by manipulating the supplies of money and credit, thus altering the federal funds rate. development the three monetary tools - open market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements, the Fed regulates the money supply. Each affects the core of funds in the banking system. The open market operations are the purchases and sales of United States Treasury and federal agencies securities. When the Fed desires to increase reserves, it buys securities and to decrease reserve, it sells securit ies. Such transactions affect the amount of money and credit banks posses, which affects the occupy rates and the performance of the United States economy. The discount rate is the interest charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions for loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Banks. When the discount rate increases the amount lending made by banks

Movie reflaction 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Movie reflaction 2 - Essay ExampleIn other words, there are separate of social life that are perfectly normal, but from a certain perspective the main region should be seen as a person who struggles with a mental health disorder, though it is not lustrous at first. Another important point that is do in the film is the contribution to science that is made by people who are different. This is particularly seen in the first scenes, when the character that is played by Russell Crowe is admitted to the university he is undeniably apt, but awkward around other people. At a party which was held in the university he argues with one of participants, noting that despite being a scientists, the last mentioned is accustomed to making mistakes, implying imperfections of his publication that he bring earlier.One should note that the issues which were mentioned above might have a significant influence on the society. For example, if the latter draws a strict line between what should be seen as normal and deviant, those who belong to the second assembly w seedy be oppressed. In addition to that, if the main character had been recognized as mentally ill he would have never been able to make his valuable contribution to science and such a beautiful mind as his would have been lost forever for the

Decentralization. What Level of decentralization within Government Research Paper

Decentralization. What Level of decentralization within Government Institutions Is call for for a State to Become Democratic - Research Paper ExamplePrivate investors and the sector in general may still access some of these services, but non-profit earning and collective goods overtop funding and pitching by sub-national government units if any of these are to be available. Secondly, research indicates that top down and super alter service delivery is cumbersome, expensive, slow, and inflexible to new information, as well as prone to political bias. Third, lucid incapacity and collapse of governments, patterns that are common in education, marketing, and sanitation, highlight the untapped local capacity in taking collective actions and making collective choices. Lastly, past research and studies indicate that for body politic to thrive, it must eat up foundation in preparatory and local self-governing institutions. Decentralization of power, with emphasis on government instit utions, improves the democracy of those institutions. Therefore, the main problem that democracy and decentralization seek address is central state planning and centrally administered bureaucracies. According to critiques of central state planning, administrations that adopt this form of administration suffer from potentially destructive and uneffective methods of allocating resourcesii. There are three assertions used to justify these claims. The first argument is that centrally administered bureaucracies lack home base and time knowledge in designing and implementing programs and policies that truly reflect the real preferences and needs of the people. Secondly, based on principles of control and command, states differ qualitatively from markets (based on exchange and competition) and voluntary organizations (based on altruistic motivation measures). From these perspectives, states do not have the reach and flexibility to provide some particular services and goods, especially th ose that require large information. The last argument suggests that inadequate incentives and unchecked authority (highlighted in promotion rules, salaries, hiring, and so frontward may encourage rent-seeking behaviors by officials from the governmentiii. The main case for advocating for democratic decentralization is the assertion that a highly decentralized state apparatus will have more exposure, and thus more responsive and mad to local aspirations and needs. Proponents argue that decentralization will create a system of governance that will be more accountable and effective to the local population. Decentralization essentially means more than the downward relegating of authority. Essentially, it implies a system of governance where the local citizens have the right to hold local public officials accountable through collective actions, elections, and other democratic means. Different scholars have researched on the topic of decentralization in the past, including Johnson Crai g from the Rural Policy and Environment Group Overseas Development Institute, Sheila Rai, an assistant professor at the at University of Rajasthan in India. Others are Camille Cates Barnett from the Research Triangle Institute, Robert Pringle from The Wilson Quarterly, Jonathan Rodden from Comparative Politics, Maria Escobar-Lemmon from Publius, and R. A. Ayee from African Studies Review, among others. The main area of localise for these scholars has been the positive and negative effects of decentralization, especially democratic decentralizationiv. Jonathan Rodden in Comparative Federalism and Decentralization On sum and Measurement and Fiscal Decentralization and Federalism in Latin America by Maria Escobar-Lem

Reaction Paper to A. Gavin's Diasporic Africans and Slavery Essay

Reaction Paper to A. Gavins Diasporic Africans and Slavery - leaven ExampleThe basis stated for enslaving Africans by a majority of scholars was that Africans were much easier to purchase compared to other original Americans or white slaves (Gavins 92). Africans were also less vulnerable to Europeans diseases as compared to the Europeans themselves. According to Raymond Gavins, it is true to say that Africans make better slave applicationers compared to Europeans. Raymond says that it is also a belief that Africans were targeted as slaves since they did not have the technology or advanced skills that Europeans had during the time when slave trade was so common. Africans still live in isolated tribes with curtail or limited communication among other people rather than large cites as the Europeans. Also, Africans never agnise that they were being shipped off to the revolutionary World to work as slaves (Gavins 93). They realized this once they docked in the New World. This made them more vulnerable to slave trade than any other race.In the past, slave labor was an accepted norm in the Western society (Gavins 94). This was particularly in complex financial systems and areas that mandatory specialized labor. Europeans who decided to settle in the New World took with them slaves that they had acquired from West Africa. Slavery was essential in the whole southern miserliness, southern colonies and states, mainly due to agriculture. Agriculture was the main factor of the southern states and economy (Gavins 95). Slaves, on the other hand, were the main laborers when it came to planting. The southern land could not have worked as fast as it did without slave labor. Therefore, in order to drive the economy of the southern states and colonies, it was essential to maintain slavery in the region.African American slaves, in the new world, looked for survival and liberation in a couple of ways. They include economic, environmental and political