Peugeot Case Essay Example for Free

Peugeot Case Essay* IntroductionThrough this final exam assignment I go out relieve how the french company Peugeot, goat introduce it hybrid gondola the 5008 hybrid HDI. I choose an hybrid car for different reasons. The send-off unmatchable is that I study that hybrid cars atomic turning 18 going to know a better future than electric cars. In effect, this is a capacious change for reas unmatchabled deal in normal and they be not enjoymentd to that way of driving and consuming. Offering an electric car is too radical and devising hybrid cars, combining terminate and electricity is a honorableish way to concur a transition. This is why I choose to specifys it on hybrid car. Secondly, I choose the 5008 hybrid HDI because is one of the biggest car that Peugeot is offering, and as we know Ameri screwing slew atomic number 18 to a greater extent worryly to use biggest vehicles than in France. Finally I choose Peugeot for the reasons explained bel low-down.The company is too known as the Group PSA. executeually PSA is the biggest car company if France and pull in for main competitor Renault the second biggest group in France. The company has ext endinged and sells their reapings to different region in the world alike(p) in Asia and Latin America. With all the ecological issues within the car manufacturing the car sedulousness, companies cl excogitation the obligation to find alternatives to the carbonic acid artillery problems, to a greater extentover in any case becauseinnovation is always recommended no matter the industry.This is why Peugeot looked in 2009, its late car the Peugeot 5008 HDI hybridisation. Nowadays, Peugeot is not rattling(prenominal) present in United States, and this new ware could be an opportunity for them to enter this grocery. Through this assignment, I depart repartee the question of the case by explaining the reasons to export, but also by studying the competition present in the US marketp lace and all the potential risks that the company has to avoid. Finally I will end the final by making the marketing plan that Peugeot could adopt in order to enter the market.Why Peugeot should export the 5008 HDI hybrid?Many reasons make that Peugeot exigency to invest in the US market. hardly even if they already withdraw an international experience due their presence in Latin America and Asia, they contain to be careful because the US market has its own specificity. Their new hybrid cars could be a huge opportunity to enter this market. In effect, hybrid cars are be approach shot more(prenominal) and more appreciated in the US market and people like this change of car. The American market is such distinguished that it gives more or less the trend of sales agreements for the coming years. Since 2001, the market never stops growing and the forecast for the next year fronts to be serious as it is show on the graph belowAs we can realize, the increase has been constant w ith the years and will take overt stop until 2015. Those forecasts seem to be excessive but in fact they are quite true. In August 2012, a study has been do by an American website hybridcars and it shows that the number of sales has increased looking at the previous year. In august 2012, 249,311 of cars confuse been sold which represent an increase of 63.2% looking at the number of sale at the same period. As we can see the increase is extremely important, and when we look at the total number of sales of all cars, it makes more important the increase. In effect, the increase of all the vehicles at the same period is solitary(prenominal) round 14.0%. I say only because there are 50% of transgress between all the type of cars and hybrid cars. This enormous increase is also due to the fact that the US government is helping people who indirect request to subvert an hybrid car by creating incentives. This incentive is made by giving a evaluate credit.Thecredit is not fixed and i t is calculated in wait on of the State where the car is bought and also round the brand of the car. Those tax credits are quite important because it goes from $900 to $3500. Each state have its own program, like in New York, they have the Clean Pass. All those points show that Peugeot should enter in the US market. The forecast that we have seen are rattling encouraging, and another(prenominal) factors should help hybrid cars in general, like the environmental issues. Something that also shows that hybrid cars are trendy is that in many movies or tv shows we can see hybrid cars, and the near used one is the Toyota Prius which is like the muse of hybrid cars and that we have seen in the tv show Desperate Housewife or southwesterly Park. Peugeot should try to surf on that new wave, but everything is not going to be so easy and Peugeot is going to face several barriers.stinting and political barriers that impact the export.The car industry is an industry that is set about a t raffic circle of legal issues. In France for example, car that are polluting and that have an important CO2 emission are going to be taxed, but security law and regulations are also numerous. When you motive to enter in the US market you have many things you have to be careful about. Concerning the product in itself for example the company has to obtain a credential which is called the CBP clearance. If car companies hope to obtain that CBP certificate that says that you are not bringing weapons or drugs, you have to be conformed to the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of transportation. If you want to bring cars in the US, your cars have to resolvent to those norms as described by the official American website www.cbp.gov , Imported motor vehicles are subject to safety standards under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, revised under the Imported Vehicle Safety Compliance Act of 1988 to bumper standards under the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Ac t of 1972, which became potent in 1978 and to air pollution learn standards under the Clean Air Act of 1968, as amended in 1977, and 1990.In general, cars that are manufactures outside the US have to be in good standing with the US safety regulation, bumper and emission standards. Still with the CBP website, taxes are also open for the importation of goods. For autos, the importation tax is about 2.5%, and duty rates are based on price paid.All those elements, Peugeot have to take them into account and adjust their production and prices following those rules. But those laws specific to the US market are not the only problems that Peugeot can face. In effect, the international competition can be also a huge issue.Peugeot, a strong international competitiveness.To make a good study of the international position of Peugeot in comparison to its competitors I will first make a study of the macro environment, following by the study of the meso environment. To make the study of the macr o environment it is advocated to use the Porters Diamond. * The factors conditionsActually, this is one of the most important things for the company because they are not present in the United States and they dont have any infrabody structures and if they want to produce their car, they will have to invest a lot in that. Concerning the human resources, United States is a huge country with many people that are already trained to this kind of industry and they are very competent in that industry, so this would be a strong advantage for Peugeot.* Demand conditionsI think that the demand in the American market is quite important. As we have seen in the first part of the final the demand for hybrid cars is increasing, and we are talking about a huge increase of 63%.* Related and supporting industriesAll companies are focused on what the consumer is expecting, it means making economies. A lot of companies were developing and making research on electric engines in aim to reduce the consumpt ion of gas. The car industry has done the same and developed new cars with both engines with gas and electricity. Those industries working in the new raw materials and fuel are in the center of a lot of other industries because they want to reduce their cost.* Firm dodge, structure and rivalryI will develop this part in the following parts and in the Porters 5 forces.* GovernmentIn a general aspect the US government is making efforts to promote the Hybrid cars, by allowing the different states to make incentives and making a tax credit to people who are buying hybrid cars. But Peugeot is a foreign company, and as we have seen they are a lot of laws and standards that foreign companies have to respect if they want to integrate the US market.* ChancesLooking at a general aspect Peugeot have good chances, because of the global warming and the fact that people dont want to spend so much money in gas and that they want to reduce their cost. This is a chance because if they can produce a good car it is going to be the future and people will buy it. They have to make huge efforts in Research and development in aim to be competitive, because they are not the first one that want to be present in USA. In effect, Toyota and its famous Prius are present in the US market for many years, so Peugeot have about delay looking at them.Now I will use the Porters 5 forces for Peugeot to make the study of the meso environment.* Threat of New EntrantsI clearly think that the industry wont see another competitors coming. The market is actually pure(a) and it count really big companies that can develop their product development and can invest in research and development which cost a lot and that new entrants could not support. So for the moment Peugeot will have to face actual competitors. So we can say that the threat of seeing new entrants coming is very low.* Bargaining power of suppliersPeugeot is one of the biggest companies in France and in Europe, and to be at the top of suc h region they need to have a very good relationship with their suppliers. But what makes the quality of the car is the quality of the raw materials, this is why it gives a huge power to their suppliers.* Bargaining power of customersI think that the power of customer is very high. This is mainly due to the substitutes that are offered to those customers. Train, bus, plane all those alternatives are offered to the customer, this is why they have a lot of power, because if Peugeot want to economize them they have to listen to them and do what they want. More of that they have a lot of competitors, and the customer is looking for the best product at the lowest price and he is helped by the development of internet where he can have access to different companies staying at home, but also where they can post their comment on a product. This is why the power of customers is high.* The threats of substitute productsThey are a lot of different substitutes, on a local way and on a more natio nal and international way. When I say local I think about bicycles for example and when talked about national or international I talked about buses train and plane. But even if they are numerous that doesnt mean that they are powerful, because even if environmental problems are present nowadays, people prefer use hybrid cars rather than carpooling for example. So we can say that the power of substitutes is quite low.* Rivalry among existing competitorsThe car industry is a very hard industry with a lot of different competitors. Following the International crisis and the environmental issues all the companies have adopted the same strategy by developing hybrid cars to answer to the new demand. Some of the big competitors have disappeared like General Motors, but in Europe, Volkswagen is leading everything and they have a huge potential of growth because they can invest in research and development. So we can clearly say that the existing competition is very high.If we look at the whol e 5 forces, the car industry is a very strong industry with strong actors which are closing the entry for new competitors and where actual ones have to be more and more innovative and invest a lot in R D.The influence of coating in the marketing strategy.To have a quick view of the culture of the USA, we can use the study of Hofsted. You can see below the difference between the USA and France* Power distanceComparing to France, the US score is low (40), and this is mainly due to the premise liberty and justice for all. This also involved the fact that superiors in a company are more attainable for employees than in France, the information easily shared and employees are more frequently consulted to take decisions.* IndividualismWhen we look at that score we can see that the American has one of the highest score realizable (91). It means that everything is based on the personal performance but also that employees are self-reliant and promotion for example is made looking at your previous result. But this also means that we expect from American people to be very autonomous very young.* MasculinityThe American score of 62 is quite elevated regarding to the French score. Again it means that American people tend to display and talk freely about their successes. American people live to work in aim to earn money and rewards. This is an important point for Peugeot, because as we have seen in the diamond description they dont have any building or employees, and this could be a very good opportunity.* Uncertainty avoidanceThe score of 46 is also a very good news for Peugeot. This means that American people have a good acceptance for innovations and a strong willingness of testing new things and new products. American people tend to be more tolerant of ideas or opinions from anyone and allow the freedom of expression.* Long-term orientationBoth of the countries have a scam term oriented culture. It means that companies perspectives are based on short term with profi t and loss statement made on a every quarter basis. This is why we ask employees to have quick results. We can also use Halls communication context, to try to identify and define the American culture. I think I can say that USA is alow context culture.In general American people prefer to go along on situation and are more oriented on their daily life. They mostly carry within their out-groups in a broad and diffuse way. In general they communicate only on what is necessary. This is one of the main difficulties for the company is to adapt their product to a culture unknown for them. They have to succeed in doing the cross-cultural management and create and make coordination from this cross-cultural management.Which market entry?They are many ways for Peugeot to enter in the US market, they are all different, they have all their advantages and drawbacks. But in those fourth dimensions, where everything needs to be done very quickly, some(prenominal) choices are more relevant than others. Importing could be a good solution quick but also complicated in a sense that it would be expensive because as we have seen there are taxes to make enter cars into the US, more of that they will have to find a distributor in the USA and they will lose some of their power in distributing their cars. I think the best, the easiest and the quickest way is to make and create a certification system. They are many advantages of creating a franchise.First you will use workforces of the country where you want to be in, and those people already know how their market is working and are things are doing in their country, you dont have to spend such time looking for information and local people are more aware of those cultural differences. Secondly, you dont have to change your brand name, it will only cost you few trainings that you have to provide to the employees. It is also very benefic because you can make pay the people that want to make a franchise with your brand some royalties, but in return you will have to give them communication support, you have as I told it before to trained the employees and you will have to keep eyes and see if the franchisee is not doing things on its own.In general, companies like this kind of market entry because they can keep some control on the franchisee, and because they received royalties which are between 1 and 20%. They are other risk that Peugeot dont have to forget also. It is the fact that the franchisee will pay with delay or wont pay at all. Another recurrent issue of the franchise is that the franchisee can use the knowledge taken from the franchisor anduse it on its own after that. It is a problem of intellectual property. What about an acquisition?Making an acquisition could also be a good type of market entry, because of some advantages like* Quick entry it allows acquiring resources and competencies in a new market very quickly.* Market power it also gives you more market share if you make an acquisition with a competitor, you will take its market share and it will help you to be bigger.* Market cleverness it also allows you as in this case to enter in a new country or market.* Gain of competencies and resources you will also earn some knowledge and knowhow from the new company and you will improve your productivity. But it has also some disadvantages* Cost of acquisition acquiring another company could be very expensive and specifically if we talk about a hostile takeover. The price depends on the size of the company, their market shares, their resources and other many things.* Managerial issues the company that you are acquiring may have different way to work, different business culture and it can create tensions between the two entities.* Unrelated diversification a company can make different acquisition, an horizontal and a vertical one. The company has to be careful and see if the company that it acquire has relation with its industry to make the acquisition easier.* Management of w orkforces when acquisition happened it is not unusual to see people fired and it can create tensions within the company or strikes like in France.The International Product Life CycleThe international product life cycle has some particularities. The IPLC is divided in 4 phases. In general, during the first phase, it is the US exportation that dominates the global market. But when this phase is ending, the next 3 phases see the producers from other developed countries becoming more and more important. Those countries first established their production and sale their product only in their own market, but in a second phase they go to third country market and finally integrated the US market in the last phases. If the US market is very strong in the very first phase is for somereasons we have seen previously.In effect, the important market size, the acceptance for innovation, the R D resources and the well-developed marketing information system, make of the US market a very good market to launch a new product. So if we looked and follow what we have seen just before we would be in the fourth part of the international product life cycle, but because we are talking about an innovation in a very well-known market and industry we can talk about a new product so we would have been in the first phase, but in this first phase we already have seen companies from countries different from the US like Toyota, exporting and developing the Hybrid market in the US. I think the Hybrid car market is not at the maturity phases and it will reach in the future more customers.Effects of the re-sentencing rates and inflationIn effect, the exchange rate is an issue that Peugeot have to consider if they want to make business in another country. The device in the US is the USD (United States Dollar) while in France it is the , which is good in fact, because it will cost less for the French company to invest in the US. We should have a quick look at the fluctuations of the exchange rate of the two devices since the beginning of the yearAs we can see, the exchange rate has fluctuated a lot with a minimum of 1.21 and a maximum of 1.34. Even if it seems to be a small change, in reality it represents a huge amount of money due to the big quantities of possible product sold. Peugeot has to take into account those fluctuations, but the consequences are less important that if would have been in the other way passing from dollars to euros. They still have to be careful and to anticipate those changes in aim to invest at the right moment. This is also very important, because the whole euro zone knows some bad times due to the economic crisis, this is why it could be interesting for them to invest in a country in a more stable country.Personal sellingFirst of all, before adapting its way to communicate and sale its product, the French company has to define its target. Because it stills an innovative product, the final consumer should have an higher incomes average and should be from the high-middle and upper class. Also the majority of peoplethat are buying hybrid car are people about 55 years old and older. They are also people that are aware and that are concerned about environmental issues that the planet is facing and that what to contribute to its safety, but also that think that they are going to save money because the price of the fuel is going to increase. When you want to sell a product in United States, you have to take into account many factors. First that they see themselves as the best business men and having the biggest companies of the world and that foreign companies are inferior.But American people are also expert of cross-marketing which means that they like to promote their product on different support like blogs, website, banners, tv adverts The use of technology is also important and using them is very important when you want to sell your product to an American consumer. Finally, American people love to have humor on their advertis ing. But contrary to France, they prefer to make humor on situations of the everyday life and not on the people.More of that when you want to communicate in the US, you have to be careful with the fact that this country have a lot of different ethnics within it. They are people coming from southward America that are latinos but they also have a strong black community which have a lot of power, so you have to communicate to each of them. Making communication and selling products in USA is very different from selling in France and Peugeot again has to adapt to that issue. But with the principal intellect of making a franchise in the US it will be easier to adapt their communication to their customer because they will have employees from the US and that understand the American culture.International marketing controlsI think that if Peugeot what to be successful in the US, they will have to constantly make marketing controls. The different points we have been through this final are par t of the control that Peugeot have to make. Make studies about their competitors, use the Porters 5 forces and Porters diamond, making a SWOT analysis, making a PEST analysis, controlling their financial management with the money they have invested in R D for example, controlling the fluctuation of the exchange rate and studying the international product life cycle, all those elements are tools that all companies have to be careful about. A good marketing strategy is established in a long term vision by preventing changes or at least adapting theirstrategy as soon as possible by finding the needs of the customers.* ConclusionExporting a new product to another country is something difficult for many reasons. The very first one is because of the cultural differences between the countries. But the cultural differences are not the only issues there is also the way that the Peugeot want to enter the American market. But I think that the company should do it, because as we have seen thro ugh this final, USA is a good country for innovative product but also because it is a huge country with a lot of potential consumers. Being present on the American market could also be a good leap out for the company to be durably present on such powerful market where a lot of innovations came to. But if they are aware of that, it means that other companies from other countries are also aware of it, so if they want to be successful they have to take a quick decision and to take the risk to do it, because as many business men say, the biggest risk is not taking any risks.* Bibliography* Peugeot 5008, le monospace by Peugeot , Forum-Peugeot.com, 2012, Web, http//www.forum-peugeot.com * Policy Priorities for advancing the U.S. electric vehicle market, Deborah Gordon, Daniel Sperling David Livingston, Carnegie Endowment, September 2012, Web, http//carnegieendowment.org * Importing a Motor Vehicle, CBP- Securing Americas Borers, August 2008, Web, http//www.cbp.gov * Importing vehicles and engines into the U.S., EPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency, Web, http//www.epa/gov * United States vs France National culture, Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension,2012, Web, http//geert-hofstede.com * nip 10 tips for selling products in the United States, Bill Decker, Denver Business Journal, June 2011, Web, http//www.bizjournals.com * 2012 Hybrid Cars, Hybridcars, March 2012, Web, http//www.hybridcars.com * July 2012 Dashboard, Hybridcars, August 2012, Web, http//www.hybridcars.com * Hybrid market Forecasts, Hybridcars, September 2006, Web, http//www.hybridcars.com * Hybrid car tax credits incentives fade into Memory, Hybrids, February 2011, Web,http//www.hybridcars.com * Hybrid and Plug-in Incentives and rebates Region by Region Hybridcars, March 2010, Web, http//www.hybridcars.com * Profile of hybrid drivers, Hybridcars, March 2006, Web, http//www.hybridcars.com * Boursorama EUR/USD Spot, Boursorama, declination 2012, Web, http//www.boursorama.com

Social Issues In Indian Cinema

Social Issues In Indian CinemaDespite its vacillation between the two extremes of sometimes being terribly responsible and at others outright sensational, Indian cinemas efforts in mirroring accessible reality deserves to be applauded. If popular perception is an indicator, a major part of the social transition in India can be attributed to cinema social reformist mapping. The drive to link victory of a consider to box office returns have uncertainness littlely led to cinemas commercialisation at the cost of its social and developmental goals. But, despite the commercially driven attempts to cater escapist and fantasy-oriented sport, a good part of Indian contains continues to be social theme carriers. These films enjoy a unique advantage of remaining out of the censor tangles. Of course, a prominent question remains to be answered is whether cinema can influence and reposition party. This paper attempts to answer this question through with(predicate) a historical review of the Hindoo films.1.0 IntroductionLumiere brothers pet construct cinematograph on December 28, 1895, destined to emerge as second opium of the people, completed hundred years of awe-inspiring journey in India. It was in 1912 the first Indian feature film Pundalik was released followed by the Dhundiraj Govind Phalkes fully indigenous feature film rajah Harischandra in 1913. There was no looking back, Indian cinema unploughed on adding innovative features, some(prenominal) technical and artistic, from time to time to emerge as one of the greatest and closely influential film industries in the world. The authoritative camera, the projector, and the projection screen used by the France brothers have on a lower floorgone metamorphosis to a stage of cinemas complete digitalization, thanks to innovations in technology. The transformation in characterization and sequencing of narratives is no less important, and so also the cinematic themes. From a stage of being viewed as an art , culture, and entertainment cinema has gradually emerged as an industry driven by profit. The change, indeed, is amazing. But, of the hardly a(prenominal) features which continues to be nurtured is cinemas role as a woodpecker of social transformation.Cinema arrived to India on 7th July, 1896 and first screened at Watsons Hotel in Bombay, latter to be shifted to the glow Theatre, by two employees of the Lumiere brothers where in living photographic pictures pictures of man and women, who breathed, moved and danced, were screened. So intrigued and overwhelmed at the screenings at Bombay that mevery of those who viewed the screenings themselves took to the business of film screening by the very next year.Film making activity started in India by the turn of the 20th century, the earliest short films being photographed in India included much(prenominal) titles as Cocoanut fair the Wrestlers Splendid overb onetime(a) views of Bombay and Taboot procession. Harishchandra Sakharam Bh atvadekar shot a wrestling matchand training monkeys by wandering madaris as Indias first factual films in that locationfore called topicals.Feature film production in India began with Dada Saheb R.G. Torneys Pundalik (Silent, 1909-1911), a devotional bow adopted from a popular stage play. The film was shot with the service of a cameraman of Bourne and Shephard, a local firm of photographers and photo equipment, developed and printed in London and released on May 18, 1912 at the coronation Theatre. Dhundraj Govind (Dadasaheb) Phalkes Raja Harishchandrawas released at the Coronation Theatre, Bombay, on May 13, 1913, as Indias first fully indigenous full length feature film. Indias first film comedy, first chaff and one of the earliest to have a contemporary theme, making a radical departure from the prevalent trend of devotionals England Returned (Bilet Pherat) was make by Dhirendranath Ganguly in 1921.The ultramodern era of Indian cinema began with the production of prateies beginning with Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara in 1931. The invention of talkies boosted the growth of Indian film Industry, and the number of feature films produced in India registered a steady increase year after year. During 1930s and 1940s filmmakers tried to reflect tough social exserts on screen or used the contest for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots. With India attaining independence, the telephone number emerged as a popular topic of Indian cinema makers. Films same Majboor-1948, Shaheed-1948, Samadhi, 26 January rode in popularity.In the late 1950s, Bollywood released its lavish romantic musicals and melodramas casting successful actors like Dev Anand, Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor and actresses like Nargis, Meena Kumari, Nutan and Madhubala. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, romance movies and action films feature actors like Rajesh Khanna , Dharmendra, and Manoj Kumar had the sway. By mid-1970s, romantic confections make way for gritty, violent films near gangsters and bandits which created stars out of Amitabh Bachchan, Mithun Chakraborty and Anil Kapoor supported by actresses like Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan and Rekha.In the mid-1990s, family-centric romantic musicals returned with resounding success of films like Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) based on the artistic acumen of actors such as Aamir Khan, Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan and actresses such as Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit, Karisma Kapoor and Kajol. Nana Patekar, Ajay Devgan, Manisha Koirala, forbidden and Urmila Matondkar were among the critically acclaimed actors of this generation.In the 2000s, spreading of Bollywoods popularity at the global level drove Indian film making to new heights in terms of quality, motion-picture photography and innovative story lines as well as technical quality advances. Big production houses, like Yash Raj Films and Dharma Productions came to the fore front of film making. In the new millennium the Hindi film industry started its transformation into an industry that tried to get to grips with the business realities of moviemaking. The gradual corporatization of Bollywood resulted in increasing investment, efficient use of resources, generating office and reducing monetary losses by curbing piracy and enforcing transp arency. Corporate entities Adlabs, Applause films, IDBI, EXIM etc. participate at various stages of the film industry like exhibition, funding, film making and processing, or all. Profit emerges as the driving force of film making in the country.To be precise, patriotic themes of Indian cinema made way for social reform, which chthoniangoes change to embraces fashion of the day while windlessness carrying messages of social reform, then turns out to a fighter to protect the institutions of democracy and emancipation. A gamut of issues got representation in Indian cinema-from freedom to unemployment, from poverty to exploitation, from dowry to womens emancipation, from s ocial conflict to national integration, from education to fantasy oriented entertainment. With the transformation of the society, the issues confronting it kept on changing and so also the themes adopted for film making.1.1 Films on Social IssuesCinema is a mirror of social reality holds good beyond doubt if one looks back at the thematic treatment of Indias mainstream cinema. From the very early years, Indian feature film developed the admirable ability of focusing on antithetical facets of Indian life. The cinemas concerns with social problems continue to be overtly expressed from the thirties, right through to the sixties, in a handful of most significant films.Hindi cinemas golden period in the thirties and the forties did bring forth films not merely presenting but tackling burning issues. How intellectual labour fights al-mighty capital, how young girls rebuff against marriage with an old man, how life supersedes love, how inter-communal bliss is thrown asunder by the outsi de forces, how widows could be remarried and fallen women resurrected , how dowry could lead to tragedy and how convicts could be reformed, how the veneering of westernizing could ruin marriage and friendship, how the rural economy could be freed from the clutches of landlords and money lenders, how the untouchables and other underdogs could be given a more humane life and some(prenominal) such thorny problems were flashed across the countrys screens. In case of fatalism and tragic end, it was a mute protest mean to arouse the collective conscience against the various barriers. Films which talk so directly and movingly about the wrongs of society went onto influence it and shape it along better lines.Dhirendra Nath Gangulys film the England returned made in 1922, was used as a means to get the consultation to think of a social situation in which Indians had been imitating their foreign rulers and creating for themselves new problems within their own society. In 1925, Baburao Paint er made the film Savkari Pash which painted an extremely realistic picture of the Indian poor, in the rural vast land, focusing on rural-indebtedness, feudal subjugation, the poverty of the peasantry and myriad of problems. In the most outstanding film of the silent era of Indian cinema Savkari Pash, V, Santaram and Kamaladevi enacted the role of an oppressed farmer couple having to suffer both famine and the oppression of the Zamidari system. There were brave efforts to create similar thematic films commenting on the other social ills of Indian society.It is the arrival of the talkie film which brought to fore the contribution of Indian cinema in bringing about social awareness among the Indians to improve their attitude and remove age-old taboos which young India could ill afford. The period between 1931 and 1946 should be considered as the golden era of cinema of social comment. One is left amazed at the variety of films which Indian cinema of its time picked up for common come on debate. It is necessary to recall some of these films and their themes to impress upon the reader that Indian cinema even at its worst, was far better in its commitment to its audience and its society.Indian cinema tackled the problems of western culture clashing with Indian (Indira Ma, 1934) protested against arranged mirages and social barriers (Dev Das, 1935) protested against the caste barriers and religious bigotry (Achhut Kanya, 1936), Achhut (1940), promoted Hindu widow remarriage (Bal Yogini, 1936) fought against marriage of young girls with old persons, Duniya Na Mane (1937) and highlighted economic and social disparity (Adhikar, 1938).Indian cinema fought against rural indebtedness in K.A. Abass Dharitri ke Lal (1949) highlighted the problems of alcohol in Brandi Chi Batli (1939), Angoori (1943). The welfare of plan castes was highlighted in Malla Pilla, while widow remarriage was the theme of Sumangali. The ills of Zamidari system were highlighted in Raitu Bidda (194 0), while the problem of the educated unemployed were best draw in Vande Mataram(1948).The problems of unwed mothers was described in film Devta while the events of dowry was best complimented upon in Dahej(1950). Achhut kanya suggested inter-caste mirages between high and low caste people. Mehbbos Aurat and Mother India, Vimal Roys Do Bigha Zamin and Sujata, Dilip Kumars Ganga Jamuna and Sunil Duttas Mujhe Jeeno Do focused on the socio-economic causes of the very Indian problem.1.2 Sex and Violence in Indian CinemaBollywoods sense of commitment to mirror social reality has hardly remained untouched by market force influences. Despite cinema being born in a form to creatively portray social reality, the drive to link success of a film to box office returns eventually led to its commercialisation. Profit prioritisation overpowering its social and developmental goals, obscenity and lewdness emerged as an integral feature of Indian cinema.The official censor history reveal that the fi lm MERI AWAZ SUNO (1981) was first granted an A certificate, but was subsequently suspended citing that the film depicts excessive violence. In 1994, the film BANDIT QUEEN was suggested for 17 cuts especially scenes of frontal nudity. The film KAMA SUTRA- A TALE of LOVE (1996), was denied a certificate citing it pornographic only to be aware after two scenes of nudity were erased. The film FIRE (1998), which explicitly screened the homosexual relationships between two women (often termed as lesbianism), resulted in violent protest against it which forced the Ministry of culture and Broadcasting to refer it back to the Censor Board for review. The anti-war and anti-nuclear documentary film Jung-aur-aman (War and Peace) as the censors claimed, suggested a bias against the minority Muslims when aid was distributed after the Gujrat earth shake 2001.The list of such films touched by censor wrangles for depicting sex and violence gets longer even if the country emerges as the most prol ific film producing country in the world. At times it is sex, at times it is excessive violence (Aakrosh, 2003), at others it is kissing on screen (Khwaish), even at others it is green goddess on screen (God Mother, 1999, Pyar -To-Hona Hi Tha). Though the issues of censor contention generally revolved round sleaze, sensuality, sexuality, nudity and permissiveness, overdose of obscenity and lewdness has been doing more harm to the motion-picture show of the Bollywood. Sometimes sex and violence is deliberately incorporated to attract viewing audience, though family melo-dramas are no less popular.1.3 Social Impacts of FilmsAny discussion on films and society confronts a vital question dose cinema have any come to on the society. There are two schools of thought on this issue among film makers. One line of thinking believe that films can never affect or reform the social body or the events taking place within it, but the other believes that the medium does have a direct or indirec t impact on social streams, even though it whitethorn not be immediately perceptible. The former cites the example that just after a couple of excellent anti-war films were exhibited, the second world war engulfed humanity and then cinema cannot and should not offer any solutions for social problems raised by its writer and directors, by its content and style. The mere exposition of the problem is enough and there ends cinemas artistic obligation as well as compulsion. The later, however, stretches cinemas role further to promote a thought process and line of action where by the viewers are provoked into trying a change for the better. Films, which talked directly and movingly about the wrongs of society, go on to influence it and shape it along better lines.The most important contribution of cinema to society is that by sheer usage it has grown to be a standard reference for most kinds of questions and situations, where elementary acquaintance and practice are needed (Rangoonwall a, 19957). The mass mind picks up such points largely and stores them in some mental corner, to be reactivated while seeking or giving answers and guidance. Some of the life patterns and conclusions propagated by them could be having social repercussions below the outer of everyday life. Violence, crime and sex are made to look open and frivolous, without much of retribution to follow.The magic of cinema is virtually unfathomable. The very mention of cinema conjures up a rainbow of captivating images. A vital aspect of Indian cinema is its unifying character. The Indian films have been subtly albeit consistently promoting the ideas of national integration and communal harmony. A part of the socio-economic cultural transformation can be attributed to the cinema as films usually generate social mobility, fluidity and an overall sense of oneness among people of different back shows (Rangoonwalla, 19957).The society is ripe with cases of crimes and criminals being emulated from the scr een and so also the attitude to suicide as a way of dejection, mostly in love. Fashion including smoking and drinking, in many cases, are animate from cinema characters. The vast fan followings of stars like Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachhan, Mithun Chatkrabothy are eloquent testimony to the social impacts of films.A study by Dr. Sativa Bhakry shows that Cinema can play both affirmatory as well as negative roles in society. It can have positive impacts in terms of providing entertainment, enhancing information and knowledge, sensitizing people about urgent issues of society, in creating sociability and offering catharsis. It offers release from tensitys of daily life. Cinema can also play an equally negative role in pedagogy wrong values, generating social and sexual violence and crime, providing outpouring from reality into a dream world of fantasy instead of facing up to the problems of life, encouraging word meaning of destructive role models and in encouraging cynicism about social institutions (Bhakhry, 199571-76).1.4 Freedom of Artistic Expression and its LimitsArticle 19(1) (a) of the Indian Constitution guarantees to every citizen of India the right to freedom of speech and thoughtfulness also assures the freedom of media, though it is not separately stated. This right to freedom of speech and expression includes within it, the right to collect and engender information from anywhere and through any legitimate means, the right to disseminate information and express opinion (Sawant, 1997).The freedom granted under 19(1) (a) is not absolute, and is subject to restrictions contained in Article 19(2) of the Indian constitution. The restrictions have, of course to be reasonable meaning there by that they must have a direct nexus with ground on which they are imposed. But, to extend the scope of censorship to considerations of public taste and ban a mater which does not fall within the limits of the reasonable restrictions clause would not be legal(Vasu dev,1979). Again, the media, when run as a business, is also subject to the restrictions, which may be imposed by the state on any business, under Article 19(6) of the constitution. Cinema as a medium of mass communication is also subjected to restrictions contained in article 19(2) of the constitution and set out in portion 5-B of the Indian Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 1959.In a celebrated Supreme Court judgment in 1970, in the case brought before it by K.A. Abbas, regarding his film A taradiddle of Four Cities declared that, Censorship falls under constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression and that while pre censorship of films does not contravene those guarantees per se, is still a justifiable issue and cannot be decided by a government official (Dayal, 1987). The Supreme Court said, Censorship in India (and pre-censorship is not different in quality) has full justification in the field of exhibition of cinema films and the censorship imposed on the making and exhibition of films is in the interest of the society. If the regulations back into something, which goes beyond the legitimate opening to restrictions, they can be questioned on the ground that a legitimate power is being abused. We hold, therefore, that censorship of films, including prior restraint, is justified under our constitution (Vasudev, 1978).Platos polemics of art and artists urged strict censorship of the arts because of their influence on moulding peoples characters. Using his theory of forms, Plato claimed that artists and poets couldnt usually explain their works as they are seized by irrational inspiration, a sort of divine madness. Therefore, the vital opinions of the residential area could be shaped by law and that men could be penalized for saying things that pique public sensibilities, undermined common morality, or subverted the institutions of the community.Acclaimed film critic and a spiritual champion of the right to freedom of expression, Noel Burch (1973) claimed I doubt if anybody will advocate freedom from interference of the state machinery to be extended to the commercial exploitation of a powerful medium of expression and entertainment like cinema. One can gauge the result if an unbridled commercial cinema is allowed to cater to the lowest common denominator of popular taste. Freedom of expression, therefore, cannot and should not be interpreted as a attest for the cinemagnates to make money by pandering to and thereby propagating, shoddy and vulgar taste.While emphasizing the role of cinema as a vehicle of modernism, Indias first eyeshade Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has also advocated some amount of social control to ward off its bad effects (Vasudev, 1978107). Tanuja Chandra claims that the artists have every right to give expression to the work of art and viewers have an equal right to reject it, if they do not like it either in part or whole. The entertainment part of cinema, she argues is of much important than the emotional part. Veteran actor turned Member of Parliament Satrughna Sinha claims that in a country like India films reach the widest realistic and most diversified audience. As a medium of mass communication it can exercise the most tremendous and potent influence on the public. The rearing use of blatant sex and gruesome violence (as commodities for sale by the producers) can terribly shake a nation the ruinous elements can comfortably shatter the society before the common law can give protection (TOI, 2006).John Dayal Claims that more and more people, especially the younger, look forward to mark off the blatant display of sex and violence on the screen. If this virus is allowed to the artery of our national blood, the society will be infested with unruly elements with hardly any sell for our social values and traditional tenets, which will eventually lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. Curbs are, therefore, necessary to protect the moral health of the nation and to discover that cinema does not hurt the sensibilities or interests of the extraordinarily heterogeneous people that constitute the Indian nation (Dayal, 198761).1.5 Research Design and MethodsAnalyzing a complex issue like social impacts of films demands a multidisciplinary approach. A historical review of the Hindi films reveals the presentation of social issues in contrast to other issues in Indian cinema. A review of cinema as a means of artistic expression provides pertinent clues about the social impacts of cinema. Constitutional and legal provisions, judgments of Supreme Court and higher(prenominal) Courts, observations of various committees and commissions, legal adjudications on film censorship decisions, decisions of the Censor Board, and the policy guidelines issued from time to time provide an appropriate background for understanding the legal status of right to freedom of expression and its limits. The existing theories on film-society linkages, the research studies on social impacts of films, in addition to the study of the legal back ground mentioned above revels the ideal limits of artistic expression and moral decency in India.Of late, growing recognition of freedom of expression as a fundamental human right and the arguments against any kind of restriction on that right, coupled with the digital communication technology enabled scope for duplication and delivery of contents questions afresh the role of social films, of course, the socio-cultural conditions of a nation is an equally important factor. So it is the public opinion, defined and redefined by the changing socio-cultural environment that can be a real indicator of the social impacts of films and the need for films on social themes in the country. As such, the study primarily builds on the social survey method of research, a pre-structured questionnaire being the principal tool of data collection. The opinion survey constitutes the uncomplicated data, where as the secondary data cu lled from newspapers, journals, books and of course the Web provides significant input to the study.The universe for the study primarily comprises the faculty member community, including students, teachers and other academic staff of the universities. To represent the academic community Berhampur University (Odisha), Aligarh Muslim University (Uttar Pradesh), and Gauhatii and Nagalandi universities in the North-Eastern Parts of India were selected. The test respondents were selected applying the stratified random sampling method. The academic community of the selected universities were identifies as three distinct groups- students, teachers, and academic staff of which 100, 40, and 20 respectively were selected randomly to constitute the sample for the study. While selecting the respondents gender and age have been kept in mind to make the sample a true representative of the universe, despite majority of respondents being post graduate students. All the 160 sample respondents so s elected were administered a pre-structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions on various aspects of filming practices and impacts of films on the society in India. The researcher could collect a total of 128 completed questionnaires of which 80 representing the students, 32 representing the teachers and 16 of the other academic staff. The responses so collected are codified and presented in tables 1-7.The codified and tabulated opinions are analysed using simple statistical techniques including the weighted average method. The alternative responses (say N) to a question are assigned priorities from 1 to N by the respondents. The responses from 1st to Nth priorities are assigned weightages N to 1 respectively and are multiplied by their respective frequencies n1,n2,n3nN-1,nN (number of respondents giving the same priority to a response).The weightage of each priority of a response are added to conduct the total weightage of a response. As such, the total weightage of a response is calculated to beTW=NXn1+(N-1)Xn2+(N-2)Xn3+. . . . . . . .+N-(N-2)XnN-1+N-(N-1)XnN= NX(1st priority frequency)+(N-1)X(second priority frequency)+(N-2)X(3rd priority frequency)+ +2(N-1)th priority frequency+1(Nth priority frequency)The extracts of the ain interviews of a number of Bollywoodii personalities including actors, directors, producers on the issue of cinema censorship, published in sections of the media, have been incorporated to represent the views of the Indian film industry.1.6 Public Perception on Cinematic ObligationsThe respondents were asked to mention the kinds of impact films have on society by selecting the appropriate alternative. The responses so obtained are presented in table-1, which evinces that 14.84 % of the respondents feel that films have positive impact on the society where as 20.31 % of them feel that films have negative impact. But a whopping majority (53.90%) of them agree that films do have impact, positive, negative or both, on the society.07.03 % does not see any impact of films, where as 3.91 % have no idea about social impacts of films.Table-1 What kinds of Impact does films have on the Indian Society?ResponseNo of Respondents% agePositive Impact1914.84Negative Impact2620.31Both positive and negative impact6953.90No impacts0907.03Dont Know053.91The respondents were asked to mention in ordinance of preference the mentioned positive impacts of films on the society. The responses presented in table -2 revels that the respondents strongly believe that films do have positive impacts in sensitizing the people about urgent social issues. The respondents are also impressed with the role of films as an entertainer. What closely follows these are films release tension and they keep the audience informed and educated on important issues confronting the society.Table-2 Positive Impacts of FilmsImpact1st priority2nd priority3rd priority fourth priority5thpriorityTotal weightage say orderInform and educate11(12.5)132228142432ndEnter tain25(28.41)272212023251stSensitize about urgent social issues25(28.41)262411023251stInstil positive values09(10.23)071327321984thRelease tension18(20.45)150710382293rdTW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1R (Rank) = arrange of total weightageTable-3 Negative Impacts of FilmsImpact1st priority2nd priority3rd priority4th priorityTotal weightageRank orderTeach wrong values21(22.10)2726212382ndPromotes sex and violence28(29.47)2526162541stProvide escape route from real problems to a dream world22(23.16)1823322204thEncourage destructive role models24(25.26)2520262353rdTW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1R (Rank) = rank of total weightageAmong the negative impacts of films presented in table-3, promoting sex and violence tops the list. The audience closely believes that films provide an escape route from real problems to a dream world. The third major impacts mentioned are teaching wrong values, and encourage destructive role models.A question was asked regarding what should be the primary goal of film making. The respondents were asked to mention the mentioned alternatives in order of priority and the responses so obtained are presented in table-4.Table-4 What should be primary goal of film making?1stPriority2nd priority3rd priority4th priority5th priorityTotal weightageRankProfit generation19(14.84)172128433255thPresentation of social issues to public notice23(17.96)271822383594thGenerate Social Change and development39(30.47)362817084661stEradication of social evils21(16.40)232934213733rdPromote pro-social values26(20.31)253227183982ndTW (Total Weightage) =1st priorityX5+2nd priorityX4+3rd priorityX3+4th priorityX2+5th priorityX1R (Rank) = rank of total weightageData in table-4 transpire that film makers first and foremost artistic obligation should be to try for positive social change through films, closely followed by the goal of promoting pr o-social values. Notably, the artistic obligation of creatively presenting a social issue before the public without expecting or suggesting any social change from it, which is the line of thinking of the Avant Garde film makers finds third priority among the respondents. Equal

The Discipline Of Comparative Literature

The Discipline Of Comparative LiteratureComparative Literature as a discipline implies transcending the frontiers of single langu progresss and national literatures. For a comparatist, any literature is basically a literature which has to be studied with reference to other literatures, generally on a bilingual/ multilingual basis. The multilingual consciousness, which has often been distinguished from a polyglot situation, is characterized by the paradoxical desire to be one and yet lodge piece of musicy.Here we shall here make an attempt to bring together, and thereby comp ar and contrast, a few fundamental aspects of theme with regard to Kamala Das and Balamani Amma. Towards the conclusion of the above process, we shall try to bring forth and analyze some elements of intertextuality, prefiguration etc. which act as subliminal links between the two poets par excellence.As S.S. Prawer pronounces, comparative thematology enables us to examine and contrast the spirit of unthe likes of societies and epochs as well as those of individual talents for the same reason, literary studies dirty dog non be divorced from con of literary style (102). Influence studies gravel acquired a quite justifiable disreputation in the present quantifys since they have been generally pursued in a mechanical, unimaginative focal point. Though influence ejectnot be totally separated from questions of analogy, affinity and tradition, it implies impulsion rather than imitation, and it is precisely the lack of common influence which makes the comparison elicit and meaningful (Prawer Influence, Analogy and customs 52). We have to remember the fact that influence is not confined to individual details, images, borrowings or even sources it has to be considered as something organically involved in the production of ruseistic works, and that there are comparable manifestations in form or in content, in different authors, at different magazines with no apparent direct relationship to each other. As J. T. Shaw says, juxtaposition of comparable works may have great value in the criticism of each of them (90). We moldiness also be sensible that the take away of influence sack up lead us to questions of intertextuality, though the manifestation of intertextuality does not by itself presuppose influence. What will be attempted here, consequently, will not be direct analogies or affinities between Kamala Das and Balamani Amma, besides instances of impulsion, intertextuality, and prefiguration.The thematic and structural complexness of Kamala Dass poetry is a quite inseparable out line up of the more complex nature of the modernistic world, when compared to that of her predecessors. However, it can be seen that her basic themes boil mastered to a few distinctive types as demonstrated below.Though the criticism that Kamala Das is subjective and does not bother for the world a rophy her is levelled against her, we can easily refute it by citing a few meters she has written against communal violence. For example, the verse The Inheritance is nearly HinduMuslimChristian hatred for each other and our foolish belief well-nigh the superiority of our own religion. We had the inheritance of peaceful coexistence, but now everything is upset. She says when at sundown, the muezzins high wail sounded from/The mosque, the chapel bells announced the angelus, and/From the tabernacle rose the brahmins assonant chant, But now lunacy speaks slay them who do not/Believe, or better still, disembowel their young ones/And scatter on the streets their miserable innards.In A Certain Defect in the Blood ? she states the acidulent memories of having to suffer discrimination because of her nonAryan gunstock. They were in the grip of fear and were trying to bow down like spiders into tight balls, trying to escape by sleep. She refers to July 1983, probably ethnic violence of a racial base It was a defectIn our blood that made us the lands inferiors,A cert ain muddiness in the usual redRevealing our non Aryan descent Death has always been Kamala Dass pet topic, and it was c suffer to like an obsession. She was for many a time in deathbed due to cardiac problems and had seen death face to face. She grew up in a strained family atmosphere where her draw belonged to royal heritage and her father peasant folk. She often says that she nourished a fascination for Death the Leveller who could level the shame of her swarthy skin, plain features and Dravidian blood.The Cart dollar bill is about the sorrow of young and senile carthorses. Lucky is the decrepit horse which falls on the way and dies spurting pink foam from its mouth. But the old people who see the young horses world shot purse their mouth and tremble when they think of the inevitability of death . In Cerebral Thrombosis, a man of eighty is in his sick bed and the relatives are sleeping (weary, three nights in a row and not even a pillow for their heads). The fit line reads On ly the oxcart stumbling on and on. The images of the deathbed, delirium, death etc are brought forth to make us aware of the inevitability of death.She has time and again brought in the issue of foiling due to various reasons. The poem The Testing of the Sirens is about her experiences with a man other than her conserve. He makes sack out to her and takes her outside for sightseeing. But in the end, she realises that there is no more night, no more love or peace, but all the white sun burning. Finally she asks, Why does love come to me, like hurt again and again and again? Towards the last part of the poem Daughter of the Century she writes about how she promises to control her lust, although she was enamoured by the white man who had whiter limbs. She is fully aware of the futility and meaninglessness of life. Disillusionment is powerfully expressed in lines likeNo God seems too keen to preserve us.We mated like Gods but begot only our killersEach return suckles her own enemy And hate is first nurtured at her gentle breastShe had many a fear about ageing, tiddlerren leaving her when they recruit up, friends disowning her, words failing her etc. In the poem Tomorrow she is fearful of the onset of tomorrow. She refers to her love and devotion for her child who called her Amma, and to her dreams unfulfilled before being persecuted by the cruel world. In Womens Shuttles she appears to be very sad about ageing. She can no longer enjoy the privileges that she had enjoyed during her younger days At my age there are no longerAny homecomings. Nothing canBring back a twinkle in those eyesThat took root in memoryDuring those innumerableTrips behind a dear ones hearse.She did not hesitate to raise her voice against false culture and snobbery The first part of the poem The Snobs is about her house in Calcutta. The second part registers her strong protest against snobbery and false pretensions, against the cruelty of children who disowned their breeds because their hands were workworn. She realises that we too, someday, by our children may be disowned.The poem Nani is mainly about a pregnant maid who hanged herself in the privy one day. They mistook the dead body for an expression of comic dance. When once she asked her grandma about Nani she asked Who is she? It is also an expression of her philosophic thoughts about life, death and truth. She just cannot tolerate the indifference of the rich towards the poor.The poem Vrindavan hints at soothing extramarried relationship. She generalises it by saying that Vrindavan lives on in every womans mind and the flute is luring her regarding the long scratch on her brown areola and flushed cheeks she lies to her husband that she tripped all over the brambles in the woods. In Love she expresses her admiration for the man who has satisfied her desiresUntil I found youI wrote verse, drew picturesand went out with friendsfor walks.Now that I love you, curling like an old mongrelmy life lies, contentin y ouIn poems like Summer in Calcutta she speaks of the transience of human relationships. She drinks in the April sun like orange squeezed into her glass. She is intoxicated and deficiencys him only for a act. She realises how brief is the duration of her devotion and how brief is his reign inside her mind when she drinks the juice of April sunDear, forgivethis moments tranquillise inwanting you, the blurin memory. Howbrief the term of mydevotion how briefyour reign Though Kamala Das is labelled as a libber poet by some, it seems that she broke herself away from the common smorgasbord of feminisms. Her feminine sensibility does not merely argue for gender equality, but for tender care and regard from the male counterpart. An example is the poem The Old Playhouse, in which she saysI came to you but to learnWhat I was and by learning, to learn to grow, butevery lesson you gave was about yourself. You were successful with my bodys response, its weather, its usualshallow convulsions . You dribbled spittle into my mouth,you poured yourself into every nook and cranny,you embalmed my poor lust with your bittersweet juices,you called me wife, Adumbrations of female parently love do not often mannequin in discussions on the poetry of Kamala Das. In the poem Jaisurya she tells us how proud she felt at the birth of her child and how dedicated she was to her new born baby. She wants to force out the man who branded her with his lust what matters is only the soft stir in womb, the foetus growing They raised him to me then,proud Jaisurya,my son, separated from a darknessthat was mine Poems depicting motherly love constitute the major chunk of Balamani Ammas poetry. It is often remarked that Balamani Amma is the poetess of motherhood. In the anthology titled soopaanam twenty three poems directly represent motherly love and there are many more poems which represent motherly love indirectly also. A typical example is maatru chumbanam (Kiss of the Mother). She is proud o f being the mother of a human being. She kisses her child on the mouth, forehead, locks, head etc. The child is compared to a bud. The spring has come to add to the beauty of the bud fondled by the father and mother. She blesses her child to be able to face the harsh realities of life. ammayum makanum (Mother and Son) is the story of the beginning of a spiritual transformation. She is overjoyed when she first touches her baby boy. Thereafter, there is no place for selfishness in her mind. She pledges to live for her son. Tears of joy rush down her cheeks. She decides to refine her ways. According to her, no philosopher except the mother could ever interpret the babble of the child.In the poem veenugoopaalan (Lord Krishna), the child is compared to Lord Krishna himself. At the height of devotion, even the objects of worship turn out to be God. For gods who do not have ageing or death, the pass(a) childhood might appear attractive. That might have been the reason why they were that m uch interested in the music of young Lord Krishna. Any mother who vows to serve the son can see God himself in her son. Only foolish people search for God in sacred texts. Only the mother is privileged to envision God in her son.However, when we take up kavipreeyasi, (Wife of a Poet) we are told how the wife of a poet controls her feelings before him who spends his time involving himself in noble things. fractional way by dint of cooking and not even combing the hair she climbs the steps to see her husband. There he was sitting, writing poetry, addressing the universe. Her terrestrial desires are about to rouse him from the state of closeness. She is remorseful about wasting her youthful years. But her husbands words that their youthful days are not meant for enjoyment and merrymaking diaphragm her from going near him. But she sees her husband kissing the ring she gave him and hears him praising her. Then she understands the depth of the love he has for her. She is very much mo ved by this, which is why she is ready to go back silently.In mangalyaraatri (Marriage Night) a bride forgets her past and clings to her husband, it is because all her thoughts are centred on him. The soul which has achieved Godrealization is afraid if it would lose this faculty if it gives importance to worldly things. She is attracted to the beauty of the earth. The poet says that one can ultimately score God only by learning to appreciate the beauty of the earth. Her husband becomes her whole universe.In kavanapeetattil (On the Stage of Poetry) a poet, bent on creating a worthwhile poem, looks at the roof thoughtfully, when his wife comes and stands at the door. She appears very beautiful and his concentration is lost when he sees her. Her voice makes the house a heaven and according to him, he has got a world of pleasure for himself through marriage. But she pretends as if she does not know what is in his mind. The artist knows that whatever be there, a heart eager for his pres ence is essential for his perfection in the field. And finally he understands that the lace of a tender heart is sufficient to melt any heart of stone.The ideology of nonviolence is proclaimed in prabhaatam (Dawn).This is the poets asking her soul to wake up in the morning to worship God and to bow her head in mutual love. The life based on rites and rituals make it difficult for one to reach the shore safely. Unless there is the strong oar of friendship, the boat is likely to be shattered against the walls of hatred. Life was wasted in search of vain things and is now suffering from misfortunes. If we want to make our life enjoyable, we must believe in the principle of nonviolence. Those who desire to hear the voice of God must not like the sound of mutual fights. When we leave all ill feelings and aspire for Godliness, fraternity and equality, me reach God realization. Similarly, she protests against social inequality and cruelty in ksheetraviidhiyil (On the Threshold of the Temp le). This poem was written to go on the Guruwayur Temple Entry Proclamation. The poet seems to be fully conversant with the social and political issues of her time. Till 1107, backward communities were not allowed to enter the temple to worship God. But some(prenominal) freedom fighters and social activists fought for years together to eke out this privilege. The poet praises all those who made that feat contingent. She ends her poem by declaring that the revolution which can wipe the tears of the down trodden is the only true kind of revolution.The comparative / contrastive study of themes has been termed differently by different theoreticians thematics, thematology, stoffgeschichte Prawer identifies five prototypal subjects of investigation in this field, viz. (i) natural phenomena and mans reaction to them (ii) recurring motifs (iii) recurrent situations (iv) the literary representation of types and (v) the literary representation of named personages ( Prawer Themes and Pref igurations99-100). Prawers remarks about the benefits of comparative thematology are of special significance with regard to the present study (102-3). First of all, the comparative study of themes and motifs enables us to see what type of writer chooses what type of material, and how the material is dealt with at various times. For example, Balamani Amma has a genius for combining themes and motifs from the just about varied sources and integrating them into unified works of art, but Kamala Das weighs, filters and distils her themes.Secondly, thematic studies enable us, to examine and contrast the spirit of different societies and epochs as well as those of individual talents. Balamani Ammas tentative adumbration of physical love transforms, as we have seen, into Kamala Dass clinical prognosis of foreplay and coitus.Discussing the problematised and elusive concept of influence, Rene Wellek (qtd in Prawer, Influence, Analogy and Tradition 51) says that the whole conception of a caus e in literary study is uncritical nobody has ever been able to show that a work of art was caused by another work of art, even though parallels and similarities can be accumulated. A later work of art may not have been possible without a preceding one, but it cannot have been caused by it.Now, this casual admission of fact by Wellek can be taken as an excellent entering point, though his statement may be somewhat too broad in reference. Putting things in this broad frame of reference one can well argue that all texts have been influenced in some way or another, and that all works of literature are intertextual in nature. Speaking about literary indebtedness, J. T. Shaw (85-6) says that an authors literary debts do not in effect diminish his originality, since originality is not best understood in terms of innovation. Many great authors have openly admitted the influence of others on them, and some, like Salman Rushdie, have even paraded their indebtedness to others. They seem to ha ve felt that originality consists, not exclusively or even in general in innovation in materials or of style and manner, but in the genuineness and effectiveness of the artistic moving power of the creative work. The innovation which does not move aesthetically is of interest only to the formalist. What genuinely moves the reader aesthetically and produces an independent artistic effect has artistic originality, whatever its debts. The original author is not necessarily the innovator or the most inventive, but rather the one who succeeds in making all his own, in subordinating what he takes from others to the new aesthetics of his artistic work (Shaw 85-6). What emerges from the aforesaid is that the juxtaposition of comparable authors as well as their works has rewards richer than we might imagine. The kind of quasidiachronic comparison we are attempting here will be seen to expose hitherto ignored or unperceived aspects of awareness concerning both the mother and the daughter.Fr om the foregoing, it would almost be tautological to say that we have here two poetic minds operating on entirely different milieu. Creative power is, as commonly observed, fed and controlled by the timespirit. Since Balamani Amma had written most of her poems during the Indian struggle for independence, we have a natural preponderance of themes like patriotism, reverence for God, concern for the poor and the afflicted etc in her poems, combine with a dominant lucidity of style. But on the other hand we have Kamala Das, a product of modern lifesituations. She is the spokesperson of the subtle but powerful eruptions of the complex modern psyche. Identity crises, phobias, inhibitions, unfulfilled and uncertain relationships all form the natural makeup of the raw material before the modern poet and hence we have the ensuing complexity and innovativeness of both theme and style. Intertextuality is a potential mine for significant discovery of links which exist, directly and subliminal ly, between the mother and the daughter. What follows is an attempt to concretize some facets of intertextuality which exist between them.(a) PREOCCUPATION WITH THE DIVINEFor Balamani Amma, manGod relationship is not enigmatic at all. She was convinced that the way to God lies in self sacrifice, and almost all of her poems in this category centre on this keynote. paniniirppuuv , mannambalam, vandanam etc are good examples. In her poem paniniirppuuv we see that though man has access to high ideals and spiritual thoughts which are said to be capable of leading him towards ultimate Bliss, Godrealization occurs only when he is impulsive to place everything at the feet of the Almighty. The poem vandanam is another triumphant acclamation of the manGod relationship. The poet says that the troubles of this world disease, discomfort, loneliness or anything cannot destroy her faith in the Almighty. one of her other similar poems, Benediction, (aasirvaadam translated by the author) deserv es special mention, where she felicitously combines the mundane with the spiritualThe first cry of the child was a Mantra Sanctifying their loveNo wonder. The child has come with the key ofHeaven held tight in his curling fingers,Fingers that have to scribble the first lessonsof selfsacrifice on her mothers bosom (Balamani Amma, Thirty Poems)Kamala Das on the other hand has considerably problematised the concept of God, especially in some of her Anamalai poems. In poem No. 10 she says There is a love great than all you know/ that awaits you where the red road finally ends its patience proverbial In poem No. 4, God or eternity is presented from another travel If only thehuman eye could look beyond the chilling flesh where woulddeath be then, that meaningless word,when life is all that there is, thatraging perseverance thatoften the wise ones recognize as God?For her, the concept of God or heaven is totally free from religious insinuations, and the way to God does not need to invol ve selfsacrifice in any form. For her, the wise one is he who is able to escape the stranglehold of the immediate, one who has enough berth to view life as starting from the infinite and proceeding towards the infinite, with the occasional intrusion of death which cannot spell finality.(b) THE FEMINIST SEARCH FOR IDENTITY AND FULFILMENTThe overtly feminist stance of Kamala Das has been exegetically discussed during the recent years. Almost aggressively individualistic, she systematically disposes of patriarchal codes in the various facets of human relationship, arguing for a just equilibrateFond husband,ancient settler in the mind Old fat spider,weaving webs of bewilderment, be kind.You turn me into a bird of stone,a granite dove,You build round me a shabby drawing roomand stroke my face absent mindedly(From The Stone Age)Kamala Dass poetry has a special force and appeal for us in the beginning because of the honesty and candour with which she asserts her right to exist as an ind ividual with a distinctive identity and to be her authentic self even if this involves breaking the moulds of conventional ethics and propriety. Her poetry voices a vehement protest against the senseless restrictions which compel a sensitive and intelligent woman to lead a vapid kind of existence. She refused to fit into any scheme devised by the categorizers. The frank, confessional quality of her poetry is her main strength, though in the absence of a mature selfrestraint we can also notice in it a dash of callow exhibitionism particularly when she has to flaunt her flamboyant lust in order to retrieve her undermined dignity.The bitter irony and anguish of a woman who find herself tied down to a meaningless routine of household activities can be noticed in many of her poems. We see them in The Siesta where we find the poet asking herself ironically if she could have the courage and the sense to pick herself an averageidentity, to agethrough years of earthly dingently, like a cut flower untilits time to be removed . . .Through her defiant self-assertion, Kamala Das increases our awareness of how the dead weight of outworn set can block the emotional and individual growth of an individual. How painful, frenzied and self-consuming the life of an ill adjusted, sensitive individual can be in the rotting and decaying indian lodge is well brought out in many of her poems.However, it is more interesting to see the same streak of rebellion in the poetry of Balamani Amma, although in different form. The intercourse effect of zeitgeist upon her poetry diverted the force of her attack, so much so that she has had to project her feelings via an artificial context, many times resorting to using a third person, which would be of help in coming round the delicate problem of involving ones own husband. For example in her poem kalyaanaveedimeel (Upon the Wedding Stage) she evocatively highlights the picture of a potential ready afraid of his own natural impulses. Apparen tly, his whole life is dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge, and he cannot understand what knowledge the prospective bride would be able to impart. Though in his heart of hearts he looks forward to the pleasures of marriage, his conscious self considers it a weakness to have decided to marry.In another poem a girl, a sages daughter, shuns all lures of conjugal life. In spite of her fathers efforts to persuade her to marry one of his disciples, she remains adamant and shuns all worldly pleasures thinking that she has attained supreme enlightenment, and that she must not condescend to be a mere consort to a man. Later her father dies, and after many years when the charm of her youth has ebbed away, she meets a young sanyasi. The young man likes her and wants to be near her always. But she does not want to enchain his youthfulness to old age and decides to dissolve every particle of her existence in the foam of the ocean waves. This strange story inexorably justifies the reality and rigourousness of all human passions. Kama or carnal pleasure has its validity in life, and repression of basic urges will only lend to psychological abnormalities. Balamani Ammas philosophy is one which embraces life on this earth with all its defects and deficiencies, and gives due recognition to the psychological truth that asceticism has its martyrs.In the poem, kavanapiitattil (In the Poets Study) we have the silhouette of an artist working late into the night. His young wife, having been fighting it out with loneliness for quite some time expectantly makes a tentative appearance at the door, with age old human desire adumbrating her face. As the poet describes it, the artist, then at a supreme moment of creation disposes of this potential casualty by amicably reminding her of the importance of what he is doing, and the possible hazard which can be caused even by a proceedings relapse. His obedient and understanding wife then beats a silent retreat.Poems like these express, al beit subtly, what the poet wants to say. Balamani Amma had to go by the canons of contemporary zeitgeist which advocated restraint, circumvention moderation rather than explicitness. But it can be seen that the same fierce individualism and plea for gender justice which marks off Kamala Das prefigures forcefully in the poetry of her mother, though in a form not substantial enough to attract common notice. However, the mother could later find vicarious realization of suppressed rebellion through the poetry of her daughter, although after many years. In her poem To my Daughter written in 1965 she saysYour mind may grow restless with sad thoughtsYour body may be weary of household tasksBut about you I hold no fear.Your power of turning worms into butterfliesComforts me.

Barcode Scanners and Smart Cards

Barcode S tummyners and Smart CardsIntroductionIn an age of technological revolution, the use of reading systems in data processors has create requisitely paramount and the overwhelming vast majority of major supermarkets worldwide has become hooked on it, the consumer demands speed and convenience and the supplier has a loyal emphasis on accuracy and providing those needs that inevitably put forwardnot be displaced, further to become better at the least, which has been happening by means of time. The consumer as rise as the supplier needs a method where a product can be instantly dod, and deliver an on the spot price as well accumulate more than star product not to mention information that both parties can benefit from, and not to mention be rewarded for their commitment in recognition of their custom. The use of technology in the business sector in the supermarket chain cannot be declargond such a name without such a system however this report is not to testify its pe rfection, but more to exemplify its reliability, importance and future advancements.Why Barcode electronic scanners?All products to be sold in a supermarket has a barcode embedded on it NO exception, this resembles vertical black lines and a row of numbers, a barcode scanner is a computer peripheral for yarn the barcode printed on those surfaces, it is connected to a computer that indentifies what is being scanned and displays on screen the information stored about that particular image and number which is required in a store. The most common scanner utilize but not necessarily the best is laser scanners, that uses a beam to capture the image and process it. It is believed the essential reason for using a barcode scanner is accurate accumulation of multiple particulars scanned.Barcode scanner are not limited to the cashiers section for the sake of buying goods and entirely checking out, there are anti-theft devices on more supermarkets on the store exit, so if one were not to p ay for an item, the anti-theft barcode reader would pick up an items barcode as unregistered on the database or simply put paid for.With todays advancements there are as well self checkout spots were the consumer can simply scan the items themselves, so its quite obvious the wonders of barcode isnt quite going anywhere.Why Smart Cards?Smart cards in supermarkets usually are utilise as a allegiance scheme.A loyalty scheme is when the consumer gets points for purchases and gets rewarded with coupons or discounts for future purchases. In some cases you whitethorn concur to reach a certain limit before you are entitled to use your reward.A smart card is like a credit card in shape and its size, smart cards set out an embedded microprocessor, and it is under a gold pad on the front of the card, although magnetic strips are still used and popular.It can store the consumers details and products purchased if it were to be ready available. Having a smart card is optional but it is benef iciary as you can larn points, which will be stored on the computer system. It also worth noting, not only it inputs data into the smart chip as well as on the central computer, it can also be edited, or certain numeric information deducted in others words points in exchange for rewardsThe scheme is more than just rewards and coupons, loyalty scheme can put themselves in a privileged position of paying loyalty prices where as non member wont.An In-Depth look at Barcode Scanners in SupermarketsIn a world where shops, store and supermarkets stocks acquire by products, it has become an increasing demand to keep the consumers happy, the need to understand what needs to be reordered and more appropriately when has become important for financial gain in the industry.Gone are the days where in the backroom every item had to be manually counted, a waste of valuable time and ever so expensive. Even punch cards where the consumer had to mark an item they want to buy, did not exactly deliver convenience.Thankfully in the mid 20th century the foundation of barcode devices came through. An idea of a device that can chance upon a product quickly and accurately became essential and when proven successful it cannot be reverted, only do better, they are barcode scanners or readers.If no items for sale in a supermarket carried a barcode, whence scanners would be considered pointless. With this primary purpose in mind, a barcode scanner does more than just retrieve product information.An ExplanationA product carries a series of numbers, but what do these numbers mean?The first two numbers fee-tail the country where the product was made.The next five digits implicate who made the product or what companyThe next five digits implicate the product itself. E.g. BiscuitsThe last digit is a validation number, to ensure the barcode scanner has read the code correctly.When a consumer is making purchases, each items barcode that has been scanned is transferred from the POS (Point of Sales) terminal or in others words the laser barcode reader, and then passes on that information to the main computer.This computer has a substantially large database that has all the information about the items the shop sells, every supermarket sets a criterion in what information that needs to be extracted instantly at the POS which will be clearly displayed on the screen a quite possibly another one so the consumer can be made clear on the prices, this is quite obviously the Price and the Description, this is added to the bill and also are ready to be printed at the finalisation stage.Barcode devices are more than just retrieve information from a database according to the code it matches, according to its reference barcode scanners help the computer established what item has been sold or even returned, it helps the computer identify the quantity of stock remaining and possibly alert the manager what needs to be reordered, this is called Automatic stock-taking. Supermarkets ba ffle multiple computers which is in a single room and have their own local are network, they control the stockTelecommunicationsIn means of telecommunications, the information stored on the computer, which was transmitted by the barcode system, it needs to communicate with another system to verify volume and notification of reordering. In certain cases this form of communication, is needed through a network using the internet, after the entire stock control department may not always be in the direct vicinity of the supermarket, so this is essential and plays a big part of the process.Businesses would be lost without the current technological advancements and a lot of companies would cease to exist.Without the internet and transmission, the use of barcode equipment would be considered of useless, as it needs a form of electronic communication.EvaluationThe use of barcode equipment has been firmly accepted by the supermarket chain as well as the consumer, its effectiveness can never be degraded or dwindle, only to thrive and become more advanced by the day. On the other hand nothing can be 100% effective are there are ups and downs to everything and the supermarkets information system is no different. From a supermarkets point of view what are the advantages and disadvantages?Supermarkets AdvantagesSpeed -to have a barcode scanned only takes a fraction of a sectionAccuracy with a typical laser scanner it the chances of a reading error is 1 in 70 millionConvenience No need for pitying calculation or problems solving related to prices as the use of barcode and retrieve those carriage of detailsSupermarkets DisadvantagesUpdate prices needs to be updated via the database, if not it can cause confusion when advertising a special offer on display, as an information system has no way of knowing of this adjustment.A power cut can cause possible loss of dataIt would be very vexed to find additional disadvantages from a supermarkets point of view as it doesnt requi re special training to use one so it is pretty much immaculate.A barcode reader may be beneficial to the supermarkets but what about the consumer?Consumers AdvantagesSpeed and efficiency when checking out itemsBecause prices are stored on a computer they can be reassured of accuracyAny promotions or special offers will automatically be processed without the need to bring it to the cashiers attention.Consumers DisadvantagesA single item may accidently be scanned twice without the consumers knowledge, a barcode reader simply scans a barcode and cannot identify human error under the circumstancesLike from a supermarkets point of view, the computer that stores the item information, cannot be aware of any price change unless updated, causing inconvenience to the consumersThe effectiveness of barcode readers excluding minor human error can be depict as foolproof and indispensable and the advantage significantly outweighs the disadvantages.Loyalty Scheme Information SystemAs well as acces sing and retrieving item details and prices, through a barcode reader and a loyalty card, another system is required to interrelate with what being purchased and have information about the consumer itself and be rewarded or identify purchasing habits to pass on to marketing or third part companies, this is not possible without obtaining the consumers details, preferences and permissions.What are the requirements to get this information and data?Each consumer is identify by a unique identifier number which is stored on the loyalty card itself but what is needed before being approved in a loyalty scheme?Consumers Name this is the most important as other information held is invalid without itAddress for eligibility of vouchers, points or discounts you must provide a valid address, which may carry a location restriction on who can applyGender in order for the supermarket to analyse shopping habits and patterns, they can observe a distinction between male and female and what appropria te promotions or recommendations that would suit them.Marketing any communication outside the supermarket between other companies and the consumer can only be made with the permission approved by the consumer him/herself before any details are passed on to relevant parties.Other Contact Details this could be your telephone number or an email address, should they need to contact you in regarding your purchases or any queries you have madeHow Does It Work?All information systems are connected via a network in order to communicate with each other, if one were to benefit from a loyalty scheme, it must communicate with a mould that holds prices and product information in order to calculate and analyse to make adjustments and process whatever advantage or accumulation the consumer is entitled to.My Conclusion notice supermarket barcode systems and loyalty cards from outside the box, before putting together this report, I possessed virtually no knowledge on the requirements and the cons istency required in order for the business information systems to operate, it did not occur to me that human error can cause disruption from an otherwise fault free barcode system. I failed to recognise that information about consumers details and product information especially the price is connected via a network on separate computers servers not necessarily in the direct vicinity of the supermarket itself. I noted speed and accuracy is only dependant by people by half, and information processing is primarily dependant on technology especially the barcode reader it self. One business owner cannot declare it a supermarket without these devices.Loyalty scheme carries a subtle objective many people may not be able to grasp, I did not realise that passing on your personal details is not necessarily used to reward for shopping with that particular chain, but also to analyse your spending and buying habits and with your consent send you information and offers relevant to this criteria wh ich may appeal to the loyalty scheme member. If your details were passed on to marketing when you specified not to, I learnt you are doing more than just fault the policy but you are breaking the law and the consumer can sue the company.I have learnt the complexity involved in making sure everything is kept up to par, and it required by human input to update necessary changes to the system.Consumers in general fail to recognise how important these devices are, and how they contribute to an easy experience, only the employees can benefit from something that simply cannot dip in time, only to develop better methods on a system that is established as a permanent component in the business.BibliographyAnon. (). Barcode Scanner Image. Available http//www.crestock.com/image/839858-Barcode-Scanner.aspxAnon. (). Smart Card Image. Available http//www.crestock.com/image/133940-Online-Shopping-2.aspxAnon. (). ICT systems in a supermarket. Available http//openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view .php?id=182530.Anon. (). IT in Supermarkets. Available http//www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/vtc/ngfl/ict/wjec_ict/as_ict/ict_in_supermarkets.pdf.Anon. (). Supermarket. Available http//www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/theteacher/gcse/newgcse/others/supermarket.htm.Anon. (). Five Advantages of Barcodes. Available http//www.barcoding.com/information/learn_about_barcodes.shtml.Ayac, M (2008). Telecommunications are Very Important. Available http//www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/telecommunications-are-very-important-597736.html.Reynolds, T. (). History of Barcode Scanners. Available http//www.nationalbarcode.com/history-of-barcode-scanners.htm.Vermatt, S. C. (2007) Discovering Computers.Woodford, C. (2008). Barcodes and barcode scanners. Available http//www.explainthatstuff.com/barcodescanners.html.Images used was complimented as watermarked previewed from http//www.crestock.com and was available without the need for a license and for comprehension purposes

A Tragic Hero :: Character, Brutus, Cassius, Caesar

A tragic belligerent is defined as a person of high tender rank, who has a tragic flaw or flaws that lead to their d avowfall. These heroes downfalls are usually either complete ruin or death. Tragic heroes face their downfall with heroism and dignity. While many characters in Julius Caesar could fit these conditions, the person who fits the role of a tragic hero the best is Marcus Brutus. Brutus develops into a tragic hero throughout the play, and this is shown though his qualifications of a tragic hero, his high status, his tragic flaws, and his courage in the face of his death. Brutus has high social status in Rome. Brutus is a senator, and a popular mavin at that. Cassius says that many of the best respect in Rome... have wished that noble Brutus had his eyes (1103). Many people look up to Brutus, and wish he would patron with their problems. Brutus has enough social status and wealth to hire six servants (1097). Brutuss wife, Portia, is Catos daughter, a highly respected ma n (1124). IT would take soulfulness of high status to marry a daughter of Catos. Portia asks if Brutus thinks she is no stronger than her sex, being so fathered and so husbanded (1124). This implies that Brutus is a man on a near dullard to that of her father. Even after Brutus is run out of Rome, he keeps his high status by becoming a general. One of the qualities of being a tragic hero is high social status, and Brutus has this quality. Brutus has several tragic flaws. One of these tragic flaws is how he trusts people a lot. Brutus says that he knows that we shall have Antony well to a friend (1140). He trusts Antony will be a friend of the conspirators, yet he seems to not realize that Antony is obliviously against them, because they killed his friend. Brutus trusts Antony so much, that he lets Antony speak to the public alone. Antony turns the people against Brutus and the conspirators, leading to the wars where Brutus takes his own life. Brutus also receives letters, supposed ly from the people of Rome. As he reads the letter out loud, Brutus remarks Speak, strike, redress Am I entreated to speak and strike? O Rome, I cast off thee promise, if thy redress will follow, thy receivest thy full petition at the hand of Brutus (1118).

Child By Tiger :: essays research papers

The opening stanzas from William Blakes poem The Tiger in The churl By Tiger by Thomas Wolfe help accentuate the theme of the story. They further relate to the passage in which Dick Prossers bible was go forth open to. The stanzas incorporated in the story reveal that with every good is evil.The kid By Tiger inlays a sense of good with evil chase it as its shadow. In the beginning, Blakes stanza questions who could frame thy fearful symmetry? Dick Prosser appears to be kind and incorrupt, but later reveals his vengeful side as he chaotically kills people. His conflicts with society inspire the evil to spring forward and divulge himself. The reference to tiger in Blakes stanza indirectly relates to the fact that Prosser is referred to as a cat through Wolfes story. Prossers evil self is illustrated as stealthily and smartly stalking his prey pretending to be the same amongst the others. This evil, Prosser himself, exhibits tendencies of incorrupt goodness as he tries to suppres s his situational conflict. Evil stalks a prey smartly it takes notice of every slight move, and every attempt to through it dispatch fails because it always lands back on its feet.Prosser was a very religious man he had a bible that he constantly read and was worn from use. The die hard passage marked as read insinuates that Prossers death was destined. He was made to lie down in wait, and see what he could spread his terror grasp on. His role was to act as everyone else because his evil self was stalking the others. Prosser was the deadly terrors everyone ran from, for he was on the path of righteousness for his names sake. He was meant for the town to see the evil that it can create.Child By Tiger essays research papers The opening stanzas from William Blakes poem The Tiger in The Child By Tiger by Thomas Wolfe help accentuate the theme of the story. They further relate to the passage in which Dick Prossers bible was leave open to. The stanzas incorporated in the story rev eal that with every good is evil.The Child By Tiger inlays a sense of good with evil chase after it as its shadow. In the beginning, Blakes stanza questions who could frame thy fearful symmetry? Dick Prosser appears to be kind and moral, but later reveals his vengeful side as he chaotically kills people. His conflicts with society inspire the evil to spring forward and divulge himself. The reference to tiger in Blakes stanza indirectly relates to the fact that Prosser is referred to as a cat through Wolfes story. Prossers evil self is illustrated as stealthily and smartly stalking his prey pretending to be the same amongst the others. This evil, Prosser himself, exhibits tendencies of moral goodness as he tries to suppress his situational conflict. Evil stalks a prey smartly it takes notice of every slight move, and every attempt to through it mutilate fails because it always lands back on its feet.Prosser was a very religious man he had a bible that he constantly read and was wor n from use. The go bad passage marked as read insinuates that Prossers death was destined. He was made to lie down in wait, and see what he could spread his dismay grasp on. His role was to act as everyone else because his evil self was stalking the others. Prosser was the deadly terrors everyone ran from, for he was on the path of righteousness for his names sake. He was meant for the town to see the evil that it can create.